Advantages disadvantages and impacts of Globalization

Advantages disadvantages and impacts of Globalization Introduction Globalization is a process in which limited societies, economies, and cultures have connected through a global system of trade. The term is sometimes used to refer particularly to economic globalization: the incorporation of national economies into the international economy through trade, foreign direct investment, capital flows, and increase of technology. Globalization is generally known as determined by a combination of economic, technological, socio-cultural, and political factors this term can also refers to the worldwide distribution of ideas, languages, or trendy culture. Competition increases between countries. (Alassane D. Ouattara, 1997) http://www.imf.org/external/np/speeches/1997/052197.htm Globalization is the result of a number of interconnected developments including: The growth and relative implication of foreign direct investment. The internationalization of economic markets. The rapidly and continuing development of communication and transport technology Liberalization and Deregulation   Public sector services converted into privatization (www.tssa.org.uk) http://www.tssa.org.uk/article-38.php3?id_article=2190 Economic globalization is characterized by increasing in trade and investment, liberalization, privatization of public services and deregulation of many government institutions. Economic globalization is also linked with increasing inequality in wealth and influence between nations and within nations as well as between public and private sectors. Economic globalization has been taking place for the last several years it has begun to happen at an increased rate over the last 20-30 years. This recent boom has been largely accounted by developed economies linked with less developed economies, by resources of foreign direct investment, the reduction of trade obstacles, and the modernization of these developing cultures. Environmental globalization recognizes that an environmental incident or impact that happens in one country is not restricted to that area but has the potential to affect the entire worlds well being. Thus, communicative globalization refers to the rapid growth of communi cation technologies such as internet, telephone, satellite and so on, Ability to link people, information and ideas around the world which impact on culture, both positively and negatively. (www.scribd.com) (function() { var scribd = document.createElement("script"); scribd.type = "text/javascript"; scribd.async = true; scribd.src = "https://www.scribd.com/javascripts/embed_code/inject.js"; var s = document.getElementsByTagName("script")[0]; s.parentNode.insertBefore(scribd, s); })() Privatization is a requirement for globalization and goes side by side with it. Nowadays the phrase of globalization has gained importance in all over of the world. Globalization may have positive or negative impact on developing countries. However, the developing nations can survive by alteration in the development of globalization by public policy readjustment for privatization, deregulation and liberalization. The wave of financial globalization as the mid-1980s has been marked by increase in capital flows among industrial countries, particularly between industrial and developing countries. Where these capital flows have been linked with the high growth rates in some developing countries. A number of countries have experienced interrupted collapse in growth rates and major financial crises over the same period, that disaster have exacted a serious toll in terms of macroeconomic and social costs. Trade could affect these inequalities only through its effect on economic growth in individual countries. A central issue, so concerns the possible effect of trade on economic growth. ( khair Uz Zaman,; , qaiser Aman;, 2007) Key Institutions of Globalization The economic globalization lies with certain influential financial institutions that are entirely in the hands of western countries. They include: International Monetary Fund (IMF) World Bank (WB) World Trade Organization (WTO) These institutions are also known as the Bretton Woods institutions and mainly influence on the economic and political policy formulation in developing countries. (Rahman MD Faizur, 2005) History Globalization: The start of globalization goes back to the second half of the 19th century. When nationality as the basis for state formation was already widespread. The World Bank classifies the development of globalization since then as follows: The 1st wave of globalization: 1870 -1914 The retreat into nationalism: 1914 -1945 The 2nd wave of globalization: 1945 1980 The new and 3rd wave of globalization: 1980 The first wave of globalization was started in 1870 and constant until the beginning of the First World War in 1914. This period of globalization made easy for the delivery of imported goods as well as the exported goods. The development of telegraph helped to begin contact over long distance. The period of 1914 to 1945 was tagged a retreat of independence and extensively improved in the technical condition of the transport and communication. The great depression of the late 1920s and early 1930s direct to protectionism, which additionally restricted the international division of labors. The second wave of globalization (1945-1980) followed the patriotic period. As a response to the war, there was much effort to enhance international hold. This was reflected in the establishment of the United Nations in 1945 and the Bretton woods institutions in 1946. In 1980, trade of manufactures was to large extent freed of barriers. In the case of agricultural products, trade was restricted between developing countries; imports of products of developing countries were liberalized if they did not compete with those of the developed countries. The third wave of globalization started around 1980 and this phase continues today. According to the World Bank, this period has four characteristics that separate it from the previous period. Large numbers of developing countries bankrupt into the global markets Developing countries became increasingly marginalized and suffered from declining incomes and increasingly poverty Worldwide capital movements and immigration became substantial. Increasing destruction of production. (Kotilainen, Markku; Kaitila, Ville;, 2002) Globalization, as World War II, is basically the result of planning by politicians to break down the borders obstacles in trade to increase the prosperity and interdependence, as a result to reduce the chances of future war between the countries. Since World War II, barriers to international trade have been significantly decreased through international agreements GATT. Particularly initiative carried out as a result of GATT and WTO, for which GATT is the foundation, has included: Promotion of free trade: Eliminating of tariffs; creation of free trade sector with small or no tariffs. Reduced transportation cost, especially resulting from development of containerization for ocean shipping. Reduction , elimination or coordination of financial support for local businesses Creation of financial support for worldwide corporations. Coordination of intellectual poverty laws across the majority of states, with more restrictions. Super national identification of intellectual poverty limitations. (www.scribd.com) http://www.scribd.com/doc/20581903/Globalization-and-pakistani-economy The phrase Globalization has been used broadly by media and educational in recent years. This describes the process of generate networks of connections through a selection of flows of information, people, capital goods and technology. In economics, globalization connect in various phase of cross-border dealings, free international capital flows, foreign direct investment, portfolio investment, and rapid and widespread distribution of technology. Globalization enhances the economic prosperity and leads to more efficient allocation of resources, which, in turn will result in higher output, more employment, lower prices and higher standard of living. However, some critics worry about the resulting outsourcing and off shoring, which have destroyed the American manufacturing sector. (www.scribd.com) (function() { var scribd = document.createElement("script"); scribd.type = "text/javascript"; scribd.async = true; scribd.src = "https://www.scribd.com/javascripts/embed_code/inject.js"; var s = document.getElementsByTagName("script")[0]; s.parentNode.insertBefore(scribd, s); })() Advantages of Globalization Goods and people are transferred with more easiness from one country to another. Due to globalization war between developed countries has reduced. Free trading increases the interdependence of the nation-state. People connected in the world due to global mass media. Communication between individuals and corporations in the world increases. Environmental security in developed countries increases. Encouragement of more researches and development of new machines and equipment for domestic use. People connected in the globe due to worldwide mass media. Strong competition thus encourages higher quality products Global mass media connects all the people in the world Increase in economic growth of the country. Reduction of cultural barriers increases the global village effect (www.buzzle.com) www.buzzle.com/articles/advantages-of-globalization.html DISADVANTAGES OF GLOBALIZATION Increased in flow of skilled and non-skilled jobs from developed to developing nations as corporations try to find out the cheapest labor Corporate influence of nation-states far exceeds that of civil society organizations and average individuals Increased chance of economic disruptions in one country affecting all countries. Threat that control of world media by a handful of corporations will limit cultural appearance. Greater chance of reactions for globalization being aggressive in an attempt to defend cultural traditions. Greater risk of diseases being transported unintentionally between nations Spread of a materialistic lifestyle and attitude that sees consumption as the path to prosperity International bodies like the World Trade Organization violate the national and individual independence. Increase in the chances of universal war within developing countries and open war between developing countries as they struggle for resources Decreases in environmental reliability as polluting corporations take advantage of weak regulatory rules in developing countries. (www.darkseptemberrain.com) Impacts of Globalization According to economists, there are a lot of global events connected with globalization and incorporation. It is easy to classify the changes brought by the globalization. Improvement of International Trade. Globalization increases the international trade between many countries and makes the sale or purchase easy. Technological Progress. Governments have upgraded their level of technology to compete and be competitive globally. Increasing Influence of Multinational Companies. An important trend in the globalization is the increasing influence and broadening scope of the multinational companies. A company that has subsidiaries in various countries is called a multinational. Power of the WTO, IMF, and WB. Another effect of globalization is the strengthening power and influence of international institutions such as the World Trade Organization, International Monetary Fund, and World Bank. Greater Mobility of Human Resources across Countries.   Globalization allows countries to provide their manpower in countries with cheap labor. For instance, the manpower shortages in Taiwan, South Korea, and Malaysia provide opportunities for labor exporting countries such as the Philippines to bring their human resources to those countries for employment. Greater Outsourcing of Business Processes to Other Countries. Different countries are tremendously benefiting from this trend of global business outsourcing. Global companies in the US take advantage of the cheaper labor and highly skilled workers that countries can suggest. Civil Society.   Broadening scope of the global civil society is an important trend in globalization. Many institutions are established in the country and run by citizens which civil society often refers to NGOs. Global civil society refers to NGOs that advocate certain issue or cause. There are many NGOs that promote good environment to womens and support their rights. Government and NGOs have the same goal of serving the people but these NGOs are working to establish polices that are beneficial to all. (www.hubpages.com) http://hubpages.com/hub/Definition-of-Globalization Effects of globalization More goods and services are available Expansion of new markets Income generation and increased in economic growth Development in the volume and range of cross border transactions in goods and services. Increase in the use of new technology in small-scale manufacturing to increase the level of production. The global common market has a freedom to trade of goods and capital The emergence of a new market where the products were market at an international level for all type of consumers. Widely access to a large variety of goods for consumers and companies. Free movement of people of different nations leads to community benefits. Global environmental and other trade problems are solved by discussions. development of containerization of ocean shipping reduce the transportation cost Reduction in trade barrier Increases in international travel and tourism Increase in the ambition to use overseas ideas and products, accept new practices and technologies and become a part of world culture. Subsidies for local businesses decrease Local consumer products are exported to other countries Capital controls reduce or conquer Enhancement in worldwide modern traditions/cultures. (www.buzzle.com) http://www.buzzle.com/articles/advantages-of-globalization.html DEVELOPING COUNTRY Developing countries are those which have a lower per capita income, unemployment, lack of goods and services. People have a lower standard of living, high infant mortality rate. Characteristics of Developing Economy: The common characteristics of developing countries: Lower living standards Insufficient housing Low education standard Increase in death rate Limited life and work expectancy High and rising levels of unemployment and under employment. Lack of technology Low standard of education (www.shvoong.com) http://www.shvoong.com/social-sciences/1758902-characteristics-developing-countries/ Advantages of globalization in the developing world: Globalization increases the economic prosperity and opportunity in the developing world. The countrywide freedom is enhanced and increases the resources of the developing countries and there is a more efficient use of resources. All the countries involved in the free trade are at a profit. As a result, there are lower prices, more employment and a better standard of life in these developing nations. It is feared that some developing areas progress at the costs of other developed areas. However, such worries are unsuccessful as globalization is a positive-sum chance in which the skills and technologies enable to increase the living standards throughout the world. Liberals look at globalization as an efficient tool to eliminate poverty and allow the poor people to hold a strong grip in the global economy. The Impact of Globalization on the Pakistan Economy Globalization is not new. Pakistan has been involved in trade, investment, financial flows, technology transfers and the movement of labor since its foundation. There are a number of factors that have aided this transformation. The expansion of new markets: Foreign exchange and capital markets are linked internationally. They control 24 hours a day with contact any where in the world possible in all time. Financial deregulation increases the impact of globalization on the economy. New technology and the tools of globalization: The internet, email, mobile phones, media and communication networks have all sped up the process of globalization. They have increased the broaden of communication and and speed knowledge transfer. New institutional players : The World Trade Organization (WTO) has emergent right over national governments, as does the IMF with its restrictions and controls it can force on nations requiring support. Multinational corporations have more economic power than many other nations. Include funds and financial dealers are able to control financial flows and consequently exchange rates, leaving nations helpless in their wake. New rules and restrictions: Mutual agreements on trade, services and intellectual property rights, supported by strong enforcement instrument, decrease the possibility for national governments to extend their own economic policies. Pakistan Economy Pakistan is a South Asian country that was established in 1947.   Pakistan is a developing country; its total population is approximately 180 million. Its neighboring regions include India, Iran, Tajikistan, Afghanistan, and China. Its GDP is $164 billion and contributing in agriculture, industry and services respectively 19.6%, 26.82% and 53.7%. Per capita income and HDI is approximately $1022 and 0.52. Population of Pakistan is in the 6th number and has biggest and strongest army in the world. Pakistan economy is based on agriculture sector. In last two decades Pakistan service industry has grown up rapidly. More than 50% population of Pakistan is linked with the rural sector. So thats why mostly area is neglected and misused. Total acquired area of Pakistan is 803,940 km2, but mostly area is neglected and underdeveloped. External debts are around $50.1 billion. Pakistan has an outstanding potential for growth and its current growth rate is 2%. Pakistan has marvels treasures of n atural resources, fruitful lands, some of largest natural resources mines, highest mountain ranges, 1050 mile coastline, vast deserts and the best productive lands. Pakistan is one of the most blessed countries on the earth. But Pakistan political and economic conditions are not good. (www.ezinearticles.com) http://ezinearticles.com/?Pakistans-Economy id=3489752 Pakistan economic development last few years there has been a con rate of Pakistan economic development that has marked itself in its remarkable gross domestic product statistics. In financial year 2007 there was an increase of 52 percent in amount fixed in Pakistani budget for the development of national economy. This has been an important step in development of Pakistan economy is concerned as this move has required to address underdevelopment of national economy that has broaden at all levels especially in social sector. Economic development of Pakistan has always been among its major assets as far as attain identification from global financial circles is concerned. In decade of 60s Pakistans economy had progressed at a straight rate and it was view as being excellent. Economic policies adopted by national government have helped economic development in Pakistan to a significant extent. In 1990s 2 % of gross domestic product of Pakistan had been assigned for economic progress and its double in 2003. In 1999 PKR 80 billion had been set away for economic development of Pakistan and by 2007 this amount had gone up to PKR 520 billion. In fiscal year 2008 this amount was PKR 549.7 billion. Poverty in rural areas has been an important area of Pakistani economics. From 2005 to 2008 $16.7 trillion has been spent in order to deal with different issues related to poverty. This money has played a very important role in overall economic development in Pakistan. Poverty has been reduced to 24 % by 2006 from 35 % at 2000-01. As per Human Development Index of 2007 Pakistan has been accorded status of a Medium Development Country. Infrastructural development is an important area of Pakistan economic development. However, it has not been paid much attention by Pakistan national government. More years a number of international financial organizations have played a most important role in development of Pakistans economy such as International Monetary Fund, Asian Development Bank and World Bank. From 2006 to 2009 Asian Development Bank would be providing almost $6 billion for Pakistan economic development. World Bank is supposed to provide a loan for infrastructural development worth $6.5 billion in the same period. Pakistan would also collect a yearly financial help from Japan worth $500 million. (www.economywatch.com) http://www.economywatch.com/world_economy/pakistan/ VARIABLES: GDP is the sum of market value of all final goods and services produced in a country within a given year, equivalent to total consumer, investment and government spending, plus the value of export, minus the value of imports. GDP includes only goods and services produced within the geographical boundaries of the U.S, in spite of the producers nationality. (investorwords.com) FDI Direct investments in productive assets by a company incorporated in a foreign country, as opposed to investments in shares of local companies by foreign entities. An important feature of an increasingly globalized economic system. (www.investorwords.com) BOT A countrys exports minus its imports; it is the largest component of a countrys balance of payments. http://www.investorwords.com/396/balance_of_trade.html

Stalin – History

How far was Stalin’s victory in the power struggle between 1924 and 1929 the result of the popularity of his policies? Even though Stalin’s victory in the power struggle was partly due to his popular policies, it was not just this that allowed Stalin also because of the mistakes made by other rivals and factors that played into his hands. For example Trotsky was a former menshevik which helped Stalin accuse him of not been a true Bolshevik. There are many reasons that suggest Stalin’s victory in the power struggle was because his popular policies.For example Stalin’s popular policy of Socialism in one country put the needs of the USSR first, this was particularly popular because the conditions for the majority of the Russian people was unthinkable as extreme poverty was common for the average Russian in the the early 20th Century. It was a lot more popular than Trotsky's idea of World revolution, which would have seen many of the resources owned by the USS R sent abroad to try spread the Communist revolution abroad in other countries. Stalin developed his idea in Socialism in one Country because he did not like Trotsky.Stalin recognised that Trotsky’s policy was over optimistic and unpopular. The First World War and the civil war had destroyed the Russian economy and Stalin’s policy showed faith in the soviet people, almost portraying that Stalin believed in the Russian people. Stalin portrayed the Worldwide revolution as a policy that put the needs of other countries before those of the Russian people. Trostsky’s Jewish background marked him as a disloyal outsider among many party members anyway, and his international policy only seemed to confirm that he was not loyal to the people of Russia.It was not just his popular policies that saw Stalin replace Lenin as the leader of the USSR. It was also partly due to the mistakes and weaknesses made by the other leading Bolsheviks such as Trotsky. Trotsky was seen as to o powerful because he was the leader of the 5 million strong red army, he was known as the Red Napoleon. Trotsky was also Jewish, even though he himself believed that this reason would stop him from becoming the next leader, many argue that this was not such a big problem.However he was an ex menshevik which allowed Stalin to question his belief in Bolshevism, it was this fear that Trotsky was too powerful that led to kamenev and Zinoviev to side with Stalin. His popular policies were key to Stalin becoming the next leader of the USSR. Stalin’s commitment to the NEP until 1927 allowed him to defeat the united opposition of Trotsky, Zinoviev, and Kamenev. After the fall of Trotsky Zinoviev and Kamenev realised that Stalin was now the most powerful figure in the party and they began to speak out against the NEP.This was not only an attack on Stalin but an attack on Bukharin resulting in the two uniting. The NEP was particularly popular because it was following the line of Lenin and more than anything it seemed to be working as the Russian economy recovered in the mid 1920's. However Stalin was victorious in the power struggle not just because his policies were popular but because he had a great deal of luck. The two main pieces of luck that Stalin had was the ban on factionalism introduced by Lenin before his death and the appointment of Stalin as general secretary in 1922.Originally when Stalin was first appointed as General Secretary many Bolsheviks didn't realise the potential power which this now gave Stalin,one Menshevik described Stalin as the ‘grey blur'. However this gave Stalin power that nobody could have anticipated, it allowed for Stalin to appoint the regional secretaries, meaning that Stalin was able to rebuild the party by selecting the people who he wanted into key posts. This meant that slowly the party was been built up of people which were supporters of Stalin. The second bit of luck which inevitably benefited Stalin was the Ban o n Factionalism which was introduced in 1921.This ‘Ban on Factionalism' meant that everybody within the party were not able to speak out against official party policies and if somebody did then they were accused of been a factionalist and therefore expelled from the party. This benefited Stalin greatly as he could use this to his advantage, anybody that publicly spooke out against one of the policies which he supported could be branded as a factionalist and not a supporter of Lenin and therefore be defeated in the struggle for power. It could be argued that Stalin's policies were the main reason as to why he was victorious in the power struggle, however it is important to remember hat Stalin was extremely pragmatic when it came to what he believed in, changing his mind and supporting particular policies when it suited him, so the real fundamental reason as to why Stalin was victorious in the power struggle was because Stalin unlike the other leading figure of the party played h is cards right and was clever when it came to who he sided with. It was his cunningness combined with the amount of luck which he had which led to him eventually becoming the next leader of Russia in 1928.

Applying How to Read Literature Like a Professor

How to Read Literature Like a Professor by Thomas C. Foster has shown me how to reach true understanding in my future reading of literature and has helped me to reach a new depth in works of literature I have already analyzed. Swimming, seasons, weather and diseases have all taken on more than simply a set scene. Abuse of power over youth or the uneducated is more noticeable. The use of irony is more noticeable. This book has armed me with the ability to recognize political meaning within literary works.Armed newly with this knowledge I reanalyze several novels from my high school career and I learn more about the author as well as the characters who the authors present me with. In The House of Mirth by Edith Wharton, Lily Barton is eaten by Gus Trenor, an older man she believed was her friend. Lily was not literally eaten by Trenor. Gus Trenor is not a literal vampire. However, Lily places her trust in Gus Trenor to make an investment for her with the very little amount of money she has (chapter 7, book 1).When Lily is later incapable of paying back the money Gus has been giving to her as though an investment gave money rather than increasing in value, Gus envisions a way in which Lily can quite easily pay him back. Gus Trenor invites Lily to his house in town under false pretenses (chapter 13, book 1). He allows Lily to come alone to his house without the protection of any other women. Gus wants to have sex with Lily in exchange for the money he had been giving her. When Lily manages to flee his house, Gus allows her name to be ruined. Lily is no longer able to keep her friends.Lily is seen as an easy woman. People no longer treat her like a young respectable lady. George Dorset even wants to use her as marital relief (chapter 6, book 2). Lily can no longer be a part of high society. Gus exacts his payment by ruining her name in the eyes of all whom she associates with. Gus took advantage of her innocence and let others treat her as though she was dead. Such behavior places Gus and Lily within the parameters of chapter three â€Å"Nice to Eat You: Acts of Vampires† in How to Read Literature Like a Professor (Foster, pg. 15). It’s More Than Just Rain or Snow† is the title of chapter ten in How to Read Literature Like a Professor (Foster, pg. 74). Rain as used in The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn by Mark Twain has deep symbolic meaning. When Huck Finn finds Jim after running away from his father’s hut, the two are caught in a torrential rain (chapter 9). This rain represents the washing away of both of their old lives. Although Huck is a rich young man, he cannot use his wealth or live comfortably because his wicked father wishes to have his money in order to drink. After the rain, Huck has bonded with Jim and wishes to protect him (chapter 9).Jim’s old life as a slave no longer matters to Huck. Huck begins to realize that Jim truly cares about him. Huck sees Jim as a person. The rain washes away all Huc k has learned concerning the slaves. Huck begins to learn for himself after all his former ideas of life and slaves are washed away by this symbolic and literal rain. â€Å"It’s All Political† is the title of chapter thirteen of How to Read Literature Like a Professor (Foster, pg. 108). The Crucible by Arthur Miller is largely a political play. This story shows the effect heightened power or panic of society upon authority.Reverend Hale realizes the evil deed he did by quickly condemning women of witchcraft. He realizes he has allowed innocent people to die in his conceit. He begs the judge to allow the remaining accused and condemned free (act 4). However, Danforth states he will not pardon the remainder because a dozen have already been killed, with his seal on the death warrants, for practicing the same witchcraft of which the others have been accused (act 4). Arthur Miller wrote this play to show the McCarthyism of his time with the fear of radical political platfo rms was a repeat of the Salem witch trials at the end of the seventeenth century.Any time in which political figures such as McCarthy or Danforth get excited and begin to condemn others who they fear revolt or change from, Arthur Miller’s play shall be a shining example of what the effects will be. Many innocent accused will have no defense unless they lie. Therefore The Crucible is an excellent example of politics being ingrained in literary accomplishments. Chapter twenty-six of How to Read Literature Like a Professor is titled â€Å"Is He Serious? And Other Ironies† (Foster, pg. 235). Antigone by Sophocles opens on a pair of sisters.Both have just learned of the death of both their brothers (scene 1). It is spring (scene 1). Rather than celebrating the beauty of new life, the daughters of a now dead king and queen must mourn the death of their brothers. They battled and killed each other, adding further sadness to their deaths. The new king, Creon, their uncle, decl ares that only one brother shall be buried (scene 1). By purposely disobeying this law, Antigone condemns herself to death in the beautiful spring seasons (scene 3) but dies by her own hands (scene 7).Her betrothed, Creon’s son, kills himself when she is found dead (scene 7). Creon’s wife is then found dead as well (scene 7). Amid the new life of spring, death is found in abundance among the royal family. Sophocles is in deadly earnest about this irony. Chapter eighteen of How to Read Literature Like a Professor is entitled â€Å"If She Comes Up, It’s Baptism† (Foster, pg. 152). The Awakening by Kate Chopin holds the baptism of Edna Pontellier. Edna has not just become a follower of Christ. She simply went for a swim off the coast of Grand Isle (chapter 10).After the thrill of learning to swim and nearly drowning when she swims out too far, Edna begins to feel dissatisfied with her present life. She does not love her husband but Robert. She realizes she w ants freedom from her husband (chapter 14). She is born into new understanding of her own life. Edna no longer cares to please her husband. She wants to please herself. She eventually drowns herself in the same waters that began her new vision of her life (chapter 39). Her baptism began not a revelation of God but a revelation of herself. Geography also plays a strong role in the configuration of a book.In The Night Thoreau Spent in Jail by Jerome Lawrence and Robert E. Lee, Thoreau realizes that a truly learning mind must not be put in a closed space and teaches in open fields (act 1). Thoreau refuses to believe God is in a church and refuses to go into the community church (act 1). Thoreau is often among nature as opposed to being inside of an enclosed building. However, Thoreau realizes he can still be mentally free if he remains in jail rather than paying taxes to a government he does not support (act 1). The use of open land which Thoreau is around so often shows he believes in an open sort of life.He preaches an open mind and thrives on open fields. The use of geography clearly conforms to chapter nineteen of How to Read Literature Like a Professor, entitled â€Å"Geography Matters†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (Foster, pg. 163). â€Å"†¦ And Rarely Just Illness† is the title of chapter twenty-four of How to Read Literature Like a Professor (Foster, pg. 213). Jane Eyre by Charlotte Bronte uses a stroke and subsequent wasting away to depict the sheer pride and hatefulness of Mrs. Reed who never cared for her niece, Jane Eyre, as she promised her husband she would do (chapter 21). Mrs.Reed always wished Jane Eyre had died with fever at Lowood (chapter 21). She disliked Jane intensely and could not love her even on her death bed (chapter 21). Although Mrs. Reed knows she is dying she refuses to love Jane Eyre which had been Jane’s favorite wish for their relationship (chapter 21). The disease shows the wretchedness of Mrs. Reed for not loving her own ki n. The disease signifies the way Mrs. Reed had been wasting away in mind and spirit before she was attacked with the stroke. It was not simply sickness of the body which afflicted Mrs. Reed.How to Read Literature Like a Professor has assisted me with learning more about novels I have already read. In the future I am sure I will be able to apply both the chapters I have selected above and others. The selection of which chapter to use was difficult for each book. The finer details in the novels are now easier to comprehend and relate to the rest of every novel. Now when I read about heart disease, a blind man or even sex I shall know that there is a more meaningful reason that each of these events have unfolded than simply to create an entertaining story.

Nancy Scheper-Hughes and the Question of Ethical Fieldwork...

In 1974, Nancy Scheper-Hughes traveled to a village in rural Ireland which she later nicknamed â€Å"Ballybran† (Scheper-Hughes 2000-128)). Her findings there led her to publish Saints, Scholars and Schizophrenics: Mental Illness in Rural Ireland in 1979, in which she attempted to explain the social causes of Ireland’s surprisingly high rates of schizophrenia (Scheper-Hughes 2000:128). Saints was met with a backlash of criticism from both the anthropological community and the villagers who had served as her informants. The criticism eventually led to Scheper-Hughes being expelled indefinitely from the village in which she had worked (Scheper-Hughes 2000:118) and raised serious questions about the ethics of anthropological inquiry. In this†¦show more content†¦Scheper-Hughes clearly attempted to do this by subjecting her informants to anonymity; if she had not, the villagers would not have been angry about their fragmented identities and scattered words. It is clear, however, that she failed in this attempt, as the villagers were still able to recognize the pieces of themselves in her ethnography (Scheper-Hughes 2000:150). It is not necessarily unethical to publish community and individual secrets; indeed without them good ethnographic work would not be possible, especially when investigating such hypothetical situations as illegal activities as a result of oppression and structural inequalities. However, it is important to obtain and disclose such secrets under clear ethical guidelines. Informed consent is and was at the time of Scheper-Hughes’ fieldwork an important aspect of ethical research. Scheper-Hughes was criticized by Irish anthropologists for not obtaining the full and informed consent of her participants before conducting her research, and this criticism is warranted (Callahan 311:1979). It is clear from the villagers’ reactions when she returned to Ballybran some years later that this is in fact true. Scheper-Hu ghes herself remarked that many felt betrayed by her book, and that they initially had no idea what she would publish (Scheper-Hughes 2000:148). Schrag argues that part of informed consent should be to communicate honestly the research objectives of the ethnographer, whichShow MoreRelatedCultural Differences Between Social Systems And Human Relationships1614 Words   |  7 Pages Last semester, I was given a story about am imaginary woman with imaginary research and I had to deem it either ethical or unethical. This for me, was quite easy as in reality this imaginary anthropologist was only in the research for the money. What I did not realize however is that anthropologists are faced with many challenges during their research. Whether it be their own society’s views that shaped how they view the world, or the backlash their ethnography created or even plain and simple culturalRead MoreEssay Malinowskis Participant-Observation in Modern Anthropology2209 Words   |  9 PagesWhere does Malinowski’s conceptualization of participant-observation sit in the landscape of modern anthropological fieldwork? A primary objective of the modern ethnographer is to glean insights into the ways people relate to and interact with one another and the world around them. Through participant-observation, Malinowski (1922) offered a valuable tool with which to uncover these insights and understandings, the ethnographer. The ethnographer as research tool has become the basis of much modernRead MoreExam : Culture, Health, And Power Name : Cassandra Geske Revised3909 Words   |  16 Pagesin thought and behavior, and material culture.† We tend to think that our cultural beliefs are natural (emic perspective) but we need to realize that there are cultures that think differently due to their religion, morals, customs, knowledge. Scheper-Hughes discusses culture from an etnomedical perspective.in discussing why some children will not live long and will die early. â€Å"Beliefs about sour or insufficient breast milk, sanctions against strong maternal sentiments toward children, and patterns